近日(ri)召(zhao)開的中央(yang)經(jing)濟工作會(hui)(hui)議精辟概括新(xin)時代做好經(jing)濟工作的規律性(xing)認識，其中一(yi)個重要方面就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)“必(bi)須(xu)堅持高(gao)質(zhi)量發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)和高(gao)水平(ping)(ping)安全良性(xing)互(hu)動(dong)，以高(gao)質(zhi)量發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)促進高(gao)水平(ping)(ping)安全，以高(gao)水平(ping)(ping)安全保障(zhang)高(gao)質(zhi)量發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)和安全要動(dong)態平(ping)(ping)衡、相得益彰”。金融(rong)安全是(shi)(shi)國家(jia)安全的重要組成部分，是(shi)(shi)經(jing)濟平(ping)(ping)穩健(jian)康(kang)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的重要基礎。維護金融(rong)安全，是(shi)(shi)關系我國經(jing)濟社會(hui)(hui)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全局的一(yi)件帶有戰略性(xing)、根(gen)本(ben)性(xing)的大(da)事。
中央(yang)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)工(gong)作會(hui)議強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)，“要(yao)(yao)加(jia)快建設(she)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)強(qiang)(qiang)國，全(quan)面加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)監(jian)管(guan)，完善金(jin)融(rong)(rong)體制，優化(hua)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)服務，防范(fan)化(hua)解(jie)風(feng)險(xian)”。中央(yang)經(jing)濟(ji)工(gong)作會(hui)議在對扎(zha)實做好經(jing)濟(ji)工(gong)作作出(chu)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)部署時提(ti)出(chu)，“要(yao)(yao)統(tong)籌化(hua)解(jie)房地產(chan)、地方債務、中小金(jin)融(rong)(rong)機構等(deng)風(feng)險(xian)，嚴(yan)厲(li)打擊非法金(jin)融(rong)(rong)活動(dong)，堅(jian)決守住不(bu)發生系統(tong)性(xing)風(feng)險(xian)的底(di)線(xian)”。金(jin)融(rong)(rong)監(jian)管(guan)的加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)與金(jin)融(rong)(rong)風(feng)險(xian)的防范(fan)化(hua)解(jie)，對于維(wei)護(hu)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)安(an)全(quan)具(ju)有重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)意(yi)義。當(dang)今世(shi)界正(zheng)(zheng)經(jing)歷百年(nian)未有之大(da)變(bian)局，我國正(zheng)(zheng)處在實現中華民族偉大(da)復興的關鍵時期(qi)，維(wei)護(hu)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)安(an)全(quan)尤為重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)。必須以全(quan)面加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)監(jian)管(guan)、防范(fan)化(hua)解(jie)風(feng)險(xian)為重(zhong)點，堅(jian)持穩中求進工(gong)作總(zong)基調(diao)，統(tong)籌發展和安(an)全(quan)，堅(jian)定不(bu)移(yi)走中國特色(se)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)發展之路。因此，厘清通過維(wei)護(hu)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)安(an)全(quan)來推進金(jin)融(rong)(rong)強(qiang)(qiang)國建設(she)的內在邏輯，兼具(ju)理論與現實意(yi)義。
維護金融安全是建設金融強國的重要保障
金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)在經濟發展過程中(zhong)，在受(shou)到國(guo)(guo)內外(wai)各方面沖(chong)(chong)擊的情況下(xia)，金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)系及有關經濟主(zhu)體(ti)仍能(neng)保持平穩運(yun)行(xing)的一種狀態。金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)不僅包含金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)系整(zheng)體(ti)運(yun)行(xing)的安(an)全(quan)(quan)，而且也(ye)包含了(le)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)機構(gou)與金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)市場等各領域的安(an)全(quan)(quan)。金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)不意(yi)味(wei)著沒有金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)風(feng)(feng)險，而是(shi)(shi)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)風(feng)(feng)險分散或可(ke)控。與金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)穩定與金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)韌(ren)性等概(gai)念相比，金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)更能(neng)體(ti)現維護國(guo)(guo)家(jia)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)主(zhu)權和國(guo)(guo)家(jia)安(an)全(quan)(quan)的內涵。在當(dang)前地緣政治沖(chong)(chong)突加(jia)(jia)劇和大國(guo)(guo)博弈(yi)加(jia)(jia)速升級的情況下(xia)，金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)直接關系到金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)主(zhu)權。總的來說，維護金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)是(shi)(shi)保證(zheng)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)系健(jian)康(kang)發展、維護國(guo)(guo)家(jia)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)主(zhu)權和保持經濟平穩運(yun)行(xing)的重要基石。
在(zai)建(jian)設金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強國(guo)的(de)過程中，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)可(ke)以起到重要的(de)基礎(chu)性和保(bao)障(zhang)性作用。只(zhi)有在(zai)保(bao)障(zhang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)前提下，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)才能夠更好(hao)(hao)地服務實體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)經濟。若重點(dian)領(ling)域發(fa)生(sheng)較大的(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)風險(xian)，則必定會影響(xiang)到國(guo)家金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)，影響(xiang)到整個(ge)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)的(de)健(jian)康發(fa)展，進而(er)對金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強國(guo)建(jian)設產生(sheng)不利影響(xiang)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)是靠金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)和金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)風險(xian)的(de)防范化解來實現(xian)的(de)。因(yin)此，維護金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)進而(er)推(tui)動金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強國(guo)建(jian)設的(de)邏輯在(zai)于(yu)：通(tong)過加(jia)強金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)、防范化解金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)風險(xian)，使金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)能夠維持在(zai)一(yi)種安全(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)狀態，從而(er)推(tui)動金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)更好(hao)(hao)地服務實體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)經濟，推(tui)進金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)高質量發(fa)展，加(jia)快建(jian)設金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強國(guo)。
我國金融體系運行狀況總體處于安全區間
金融(rong)安(an)全可(ke)以從金融(rong)體系各維度(du)的運行情(qing)況與(yu)金融(rong)重點領域的突出(chu)風險(xian)點兩個方(fang)面(mian)來分析。
在金融體(ti)系運(yun)行(xing)方面，主要從社會融資規模(mo)同比增速與廣義貨幣供應(ying)量(liang)同比增速來看，金融體(ti)系整體(ti)運(yun)行(xing)比較(jiao)穩(wen)定，并未(wei)出(chu)現較(jiao)大(da)波(bo)動(dong)。
在金融機構(gou)運行(xing)方(fang)面，主要從商業(ye)銀行(xing)的情況來看，盡管(guan)需求不足對(dui)盈利(li)性產生一定影(ying)響，但仍然保(bao)持了較(jiao)高的流動性和安全性水平。雖然部(bu)分中小金融機構(gou)存在風險，但總(zong)體(ti)上處于(yu)安全區間(jian)。
在(zai)金融市(shi)場(chang)(chang)運(yun)行方面(mian)，主要(yao)從(cong)股(gu)票(piao)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)、債(zhai)(zhai)券(quan)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)和外(wai)匯市(shi)場(chang)(chang)來分析。相(xiang)比(bi)于(yu)(yu)同(tong)期(qi)世界范圍內(nei)其他主要(yao)股(gu)票(piao)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)，我國(guo)股(gu)票(piao)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)總(zong)體(ti)(ti)上沒有出(chu)現(xian)劇烈的(de)波(bo)(bo)動(dong)；違約(yue)債(zhai)(zhai)券(quan)的(de)數(shu)量和金額(e)并未出(chu)現(xian)大的(de)變(bian)化；人民幣指數(shu)的(de)波(bo)(bo)動(dong)幅度屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)正常(chang)范圍。總(zong)體(ti)(ti)來看，金融市(shi)場(chang)(chang)作為實體(ti)(ti)經濟(ji)的(de)晴(qing)雨(yu)表(biao)，在(zai)國(guo)內(nei)外(wai)各類(lei)因素的(de)影響下表(biao)現(xian)出(chu)一定程度的(de)波(bo)(bo)動(dong)，但總(zong)體(ti)(ti)上仍處于(yu)(yu)安全區(qu)間。
金(jin)融重(zhong)點(dian)領域突出風(feng)險(xian)點(dian)包括以下方(fang)面。一是中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)金(jin)融機構(gou)(gou)風(feng)險(xian)。雖然中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)金(jin)融機構(gou)(gou)對于(yu)系統性風(feng)險(xian)的影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)有限，但其社(she)會影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)較大(da)，仍(reng)需警惕并(bing)審慎處(chu)置出現問題(ti)的中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)金(jin)融機構(gou)(gou)，防止其對金(jin)融安全(quan)(quan)產生(sheng)負面影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)。二是地(di)(di)方(fang)政府(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務風(feng)險(xian)。受(shou)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務集中(zhong)到期和隱性債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務等多重(zhong)因素(su)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)，防范化解(jie)地(di)(di)方(fang)政府(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務風(feng)險(xian)已成為關系金(jin)融安全(quan)(quan)的重(zhong)要問題(ti)。三是房地(di)(di)產市場(chang)風(feng)險(xian)。過去部分房地(di)(di)產企業長期依(yi)賴高(gao)負債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)、高(gao)杠桿(gan)、高(gao)周(zhou)轉的發展模式，如(ru)何化解(jie)房地(di)(di)產市場(chang)風(feng)險(xian)對于(yu)維護(hu)金(jin)融安全(quan)(quan)來(lai)說至關重(zhong)要。四是外(wai)(wai)部金(jin)融風(feng)險(xian)。美聯(lian)儲自2022年以來(lai)的激(ji)進(jin)加(jia)息引發世界范圍內(nei)其他國家本幣(bi)貶值、資本外(wai)(wai)流、債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務風(feng)險(xian)、輸入(ru)性通脹加(jia)劇(ju)等問題(ti)。從國際大(da)宗商(shang)品(pin)市場(chang)的角度來(lai)看，原油價(jia)格近年來(lai)的波(bo)動既反映了世界經(jing)濟形勢(shi)的不(bu)確定性，也(ye)會將風(feng)險(xian)傳(chuan)遞(di)到世界各國，我國大(da)宗商(shang)品(pin)市場(chang)也(ye)受(shou)到一定的沖擊。可(ke)見，當前國際金(jin)融風(feng)險(xian)狀況(kuang)不(bu)容樂觀(guan)，所產生(sheng)的溢(yi)出效應會對我國金(jin)融安全(quan)(quan)產生(sheng)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)。
綜上來看(kan)，我國金融(rong)體系當前的(de)運行狀況總體處于安全區間內(nei)，但(dan)仍然存在(zai)一些內(nei)部(bu)及外部(bu)風險點，必須更好地防(fang)范化解，使金融(rong)安全得到更有(you)效保障，進一步支持金融(rong)服務實體經濟。
從雙重維度為夯實金融安全基礎提供保障
金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)強國(guo)建設(she)并非一日之功(gong)，要(yao)求在(zai)促進金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)體(ti)系(xi)健(jian)康運行的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)更好維(wei)(wei)護金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)安(an)全，特別是(shi)在(zai)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)強國(guo)建設(she)的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)構建完善的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)風險防范體(ti)系(xi)。當前(qian)，亟(ji)需為夯實金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)安(an)全基(ji)礎提供有力(li)(li)保(bao)障。基(ji)于(yu)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)安(an)全的(de)(de)(de)內涵和我(wo)國(guo)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)安(an)全的(de)(de)(de)現狀，可以從“常態化(hua)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)體(ti)系(xi)能力(li)(li)建設(she)”與“專門化(hua)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)安(an)全維(wei)(wei)護機(ji)制”雙重維(wei)(wei)度著(zhu)力(li)(li)。
加強(qiang)常(chang)態化金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)能力(li)建(jian)設(she)。其一，堅持(chi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)為實(shi)(shi)體(ti)經濟(ji)服務，推進金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)高質量發展。一國(guo)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)安(an)(an)全與(yu)自身的(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)發展水平息息相關。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)發展越完善(shan)、其抵御(yu)風險的(de)能力(li)和(he)(he)韌性也就越強(qiang)。深(shen)化金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)改革要(yao)堅持(chi)服務實(shi)(shi)體(ti)經濟(ji)的(de)導向(xiang)(xiang)，著(zhu)(zhu)力(li)解決金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)脫實(shi)(shi)向(xiang)(xiang)虛的(de)問題，引(yin)(yin)導資金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)投向(xiang)(xiang)實(shi)(shi)體(ti)經濟(ji)。其二，統(tong)籌(chou)發展和(he)(he)安(an)(an)全，穩步擴(kuo)大開放(fang)。中央金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)工(gong)作(zuo)會議提(ti)出，“要(yao)著(zhu)(zhu)力(li)推進金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)高水平開放(fang)，確保國(guo)家金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)(he)經濟(ji)安(an)(an)全”。堅持(chi)統(tong)籌(chou)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)開放(fang)和(he)(he)安(an)(an)全，堅持(chi)“引(yin)(yin)進來(lai)”和(he)(he)“走出去”并重，穩步擴(kuo)大金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)領域制度型開放(fang)，提(ti)升(sheng)跨境投融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)資便利化，吸引(yin)(yin)更多外(wai)資金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)機(ji)構(gou)和(he)(he)長期資本來(lai)華展業(ye)興業(ye)。其三(san)，強(qiang)化金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)監管(guan)，完善(shan)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)法治(zhi)(zhi)。努力(li)構(gou)建(jian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)完備、科學規范、運行高效的(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)監管(guan)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)，建(jian)立和(he)(he)完善(shan)激勵與(yu)約(yue)束兼容(rong)的(de)機(ji)制，在加強(qiang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)法治(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)設(she)的(de)基礎上(shang)維護(hu)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)安(an)(an)全穩定。
構(gou)(gou)建專門化金(jin)融安(an)(an)(an)全維(wei)護(hu)機(ji)制(zhi)。選取合適的(de)監測(ce)指標并(bing)對風(feng)險(xian)進行預警，在風(feng)險(xian)發生前及(ji)(ji)時(shi)進行防范(fan)。明(ming)確金(jin)融風(feng)險(xian)處置化解責任，在風(feng)險(xian)發生后快速協調金(jin)融監管部(bu)門和(he)有關機(ji)構(gou)(gou)在權責明(ming)確的(de)情況(kuang)下及(ji)(ji)時(shi)處置風(feng)險(xian)。通過構(gou)(gou)建專門的(de)金(jin)融安(an)(an)(an)全監測(ce)及(ji)(ji)風(feng)險(xian)預警與處置機(ji)制(zhi)，能(neng)夠保(bao)證(zheng)金(jin)融體(ti)系偏(pian)離安(an)(an)(an)全狀態時(shi)可以快速“修(xiu)復”，在總體(ti)上保(bao)證(zheng)金(jin)融安(an)(an)(an)全，從而助力金(jin)融強國建設。
（作(zuo)者(zhe):李建軍 系北(bei)京市習(xi)近平新時代中國特色社(she)會主義思想研(yan)究中心(xin)特約研(yan)究員(yuan)、中央財(cai)經大(da)學副校長）
原標題：夯實建設金融強國的安全基礎
責任編輯：鄭彥
網頁編輯：蘇偉