日前(qian)召開的(de)(de)中央農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)工(gong)(gong)作會(hui)議(yi)傳達學習(xi)(xi)了習(xi)(xi)近平總書記對“三農(nong)”工(gong)(gong)作作出的(de)(de)重要(yao)指示(shi)，強(qiang)調“堅(jian)持(chi)農(nong)業(ye)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)優先發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，堅(jian)持(chi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)(rong)合發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)”。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)問題是任(ren)何一個大國在現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)進程中都無法回避的(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)實課題。改革(ge)開放(fang)以(yi)來(lai)特別是黨的(de)(de)十(shi)八大以(yi)來(lai)，我們黨持(chi)續(xu)深化(hua)對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)關系規律的(de)(de)認(ren)識，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)關系不斷(duan)改善。黨的(de)(de)十(shi)九屆五中全會(hui)提出，強(qiang)化(hua)以(yi)工(gong)(gong)補農(nong)、以(yi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)帶鄉(xiang)(xiang)，推(tui)動形成工(gong)(gong)農(nong)互促、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)互補、協調發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)、共同繁榮的(de)(de)新型(xing)工(gong)(gong)農(nong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)關系，加快農(nong)業(ye)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)。習(xi)(xi)近平總書記在2020年中央農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)工(gong)(gong)作會(hui)議(yi)上強(qiang)調，“今后(hou)15年是破除城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)二元結(jie)構、健(jian)全城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)(rong)合發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)體制(zhi)機制(zhi)的(de)(de)窗口期(qi)”，為城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)(rong)合發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)指明了前(qian)進方向。推(tui)進中國式現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)，需要(yao)把握“窗口期(qi)”，打好“組(zu)合拳(quan)”，高質量推(tui)進城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)(rong)合發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。
城鄉融合的主要特征
人(ren)口(kou)規模巨(ju)(ju)大(da)的(de)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)融(rong)(rong)合(he)(he)。我國(guo)農(nong)村戶(hu)籍人(ren)口(kou)7.6億人(ren)，超過(guo)了所(suo)有(you)發達(da)國(guo)家(jia)農(nong)村人(ren)口(kou)的(de)總和。如何將(jiang)巨(ju)(ju)大(da)的(de)人(ren)口(kou)規模轉(zhuan)化為持續性(xing)的(de)人(ren)口(kou)紅利，如何在人(ren)口(kou)老(lao)齡化程度不(bu)斷(duan)加深的(de)背景下(xia)通過(guo)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)融(rong)(rong)合(he)(he)推進共同富裕，其艱巨(ju)(ju)性(xing)、復(fu)雜性(xing)前所(suo)未(wei)有(you)，這是我國(guo)當前城(cheng)鄉(xiang)融(rong)(rong)合(he)(he)的(de)現(xian)實國(guo)情。
持續(xu)(xu)擴(kuo)大中(zhong)(zhong)等收入(ru)(ru)(ru)群(qun)(qun)體(ti)的(de)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)融合。全面(mian)建成小康社會后，共同(tong)富(fu)裕(yu)成為城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)融合主要目(mu)標，持續(xu)(xu)擴(kuo)大城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)等收入(ru)(ru)(ru)群(qun)(qun)體(ti)則(ze)是(shi)實現共同(tong)富(fu)裕(yu)的(de)重要內(nei)容(rong)。目(mu)前(qian)我國大量中(zhong)(zhong)低收入(ru)(ru)(ru)者來源(yuan)于(yu)農民群(qun)(qun)體(ti)，新(xin)型職業(ye)農民、農民工群(qun)(qun)體(ti)都是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)等收入(ru)(ru)(ru)群(qun)(qun)體(ti)擴(kuo)容(rong)的(de)主體(ti)。
數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)技(ji)術驅動(dong)下的(de)(de)城鄉(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)合(he)。隨著(zhu)大數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據、云(yun)計算(suan)、人工智能、物聯(lian)網等數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)基礎設施的(de)(de)發展，數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)化浪潮正快速打破傳(chuan)統城鄉(xiang)(xiang)二元結構的(de)(de)藩籬。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)技(ji)術催(cui)生了城鄉(xiang)(xiang)經濟(ji)的(de)(de)新(xin)業態、城鄉(xiang)(xiang)流動(dong)的(de)(de)新(xin)要(yao)素、資源配(pei)置(zhi)的(de)(de)新(xin)平臺。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)化從技(ji)術—經濟(ji)層面不斷(duan)重塑(su)著(zhu)城鄉(xiang)(xiang)關系，當前的(de)(de)城鄉(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)合(he)必然是(shi)與數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)技(ji)術融(rong)合(he)共生型的(de)(de)城鄉(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)合(he)。
城鄉融合發展面臨的主要問題
城鄉(xiang)融合是一個長(chang)期的歷(li)史過程，當(dang)前我國城鄉(xiang)融合發展取得積極成(cheng)效(xiao)，但也面(mian)臨以下需要重(zhong)點(dian)解決的問(wen)題：
農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)現代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)程(cheng)度(du)(du)與(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)強國(guo)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)仍有差距。推進中(zhong)國(guo)式現代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，必須堅持不(bu)懈夯實農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)基礎。我(wo)國(guo)人口規(gui)模大(da)(da)(da)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)需(xu)求(qiu)量(liang)大(da)(da)(da)，糧食(shi)(shi)安全是(shi)國(guo)際(ji)格局演變中(zhong)國(guo)家(jia)經濟安全的(de)(de)“壓艙石”。長期以來我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)經營普遍規(gui)模小、利潤薄(bo)、現代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)程(cheng)度(du)(du)低。首先，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)基礎仍然(ran)不(bu)穩(wen)固。此(ci)次(ci)(ci)中(zhong)央農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村工作(zuo)會(hui)議(yi)再次(ci)(ci)強調，要堅決(jue)守住耕地(di)這個命根子。堅決(jue)整治亂占、破壞耕地(di)違法(fa)行為(wei)，加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)大(da)(da)(da)高(gao)(gao)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田建設投入(ru)和管護力(li)(li)度(du)(du)，確保耕地(di)數(shu)量(liang)保障和質量(liang)提升。要強化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)科(ke)技和改(gai)革(ge)雙輪驅動(dong)，加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)大(da)(da)(da)核心技術攻關(guan)力(li)(li)度(du)(du)，改(gai)革(ge)和完善“三農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)”工作(zuo)體(ti)制機(ji)(ji)制，為(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)現代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)增動(dong)力(li)(li)添活力(li)(li)。目(mu)前(qian)我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)高(gao)(gao)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田建設數(shu)量(liang)依然(ran)有限(xian)，糧食(shi)(shi)主(zhu)產(chan)(chan)區和主(zhu)銷區的(de)(de)省際(ji)橫向(xiang)利益補償機(ji)(ji)制不(bu)健全，導致(zhi)糧食(shi)(shi)主(zhu)產(chan)(chan)區種(zhong)糧的(de)(de)積極(ji)性不(bu)高(gao)(gao)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)基礎設施(shi)投入(ru)相對不(bu)足(zu)。其(qi)次(ci)(ci)，現代(dai)(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)系尚(shang)未形成。此(ci)次(ci)(ci)中(zhong)央農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村工作(zuo)會(hui)議(yi)提出，要“樹立大(da)(da)(da)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)觀、大(da)(da)(da)食(shi)(shi)物(wu)觀”。隨著(zhu)人民收入(ru)水平的(de)(de)提高(gao)(gao)，食(shi)(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)結構(gou)(gou)也(ye)在發生(sheng)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。“大(da)(da)(da)食(shi)(shi)物(wu)觀”以構(gou)(gou)建全方位、多元化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)物(wu)供給體(ti)系為(wei)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)，食(shi)(shi)物(wu)來源(yuan)(yuan)從耕地(di)資源(yuan)(yuan)向(xiang)江河湖海森(sen)林(lin)草原等(deng)非(fei)耕地(di)資源(yuan)(yuan)拓展(zhan)，減輕糧食(shi)(shi)供給壓力(li)(li)。而“大(da)(da)(da)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)觀”從現代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)系的(de)(de)視角，將(jiang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)立體(ti)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，不(bu)僅(jin)包(bao)括(kuo)傳統的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)林(lin)牧副漁單向(xiang)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)維度(du)(du)，而且(qie)包(bao)括(kuo)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工、物(wu)流、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)資、服務、品(pin)牌等(deng)全鏈條(tiao)三產(chan)(chan)融合(he)，還包(bao)括(kuo)生(sheng)物(wu)育種(zhong)、設施(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、智(zhi)慧農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、新(xin)型食(shi)(shi)品(pin)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)等(deng)高(gao)(gao)附加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)態。我(wo)國(guo)當前(qian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)科(ke)技方面，以種(zhong)子、化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)肥、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)為(wei)代(dai)(dai)表的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)技術創新(xin)仍不(bu)足(zu)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)社(she)會(hui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)服務體(ti)系相對滯后。國(guo)際(ji)經驗表明，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)經營的(de)(de)規(gui)模越(yue)小、越(yue)分散，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)社(she)會(hui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)服務體(ti)系的(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)就越(yue)大(da)(da)(da)。我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)基礎設施(shi)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)資、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)技、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)服務等(deng)社(she)會(hui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)服務體(ti)系發展(zhan)相對滯后，導致(zhi)中(zhong)間投入(ru)品(pin)價格擠(ji)占大(da)(da)(da)量(liang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)收益，進而增加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)了(le)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)經營的(de)(de)成本。
縣(xian)(xian)(xian)域經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)融合中的(de)支撐(cheng)力(li)不足(zu)。縣(xian)(xian)(xian)域經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)是城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)融合的(de)重要(yao)戰略支撐(cheng)點。我國(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮化主要(yao)以大城(cheng)(cheng)市、城(cheng)(cheng)市群、都市圈為主導(dao)(dao)，縣(xian)(xian)(xian)域尤其是中西部縣(xian)(xian)(xian)域經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)融合發(fa)展中的(de)功能相對弱化。在(zai)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)域新型(xing)工業化方(fang)面(mian)，虹吸(xi)效應(ying)導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)人(ren)口(kou)、資(zi)源、產業加(jia)速向(xiang)大城(cheng)(cheng)市轉(zhuan)(zhuan)移，縣(xian)(xian)(xian)域對產業轉(zhuan)(zhuan)移的(de)承(cheng)接力(li)受限，實(shi)體經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)展相對滯后。在(zai)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)域人(ren)口(kou)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮化方(fang)面(mian)，中西部地區勞動力(li)持續外流導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)以縣(xian)(xian)(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)為重要(yao)載體的(de)新型(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮化進程(cheng)受阻。在(zai)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)域經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)對鄉(xiang)村振興的(de)引領帶(dai)動效應(ying)方(fang)面(mian)，中西部地區傳統農(nong)業經(jing)(jing)營規模(mo)小(xiao)、布局散(san)、鏈條短、附加(jia)值低，農(nong)業經(jing)(jing)營與縣(xian)(xian)(xian)域新型(xing)工業化缺(que)乏聯(lian)動效應(ying)，縣(xian)(xian)(xian)域綜合承(cheng)載力(li)對城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)融合的(de)支撐(cheng)作用不足(zu)。
推進城鄉融合高質量發展
習近平總書記指(zhi)出，“如何處理(li)好(hao)工農關(guan)系、城(cheng)鄉關(guan)系，在一定(ding)程(cheng)度上決定(ding)著現代化的(de)成(cheng)敗”。強化以工補農、以城(cheng)帶鄉，推(tui)動形(xing)成(cheng)工農互促、城(cheng)鄉互補、協調發展、共同繁榮(rong)的(de)新(xin)型工農城(cheng)鄉關(guan)系，應重點聚焦(jiao)以下方面(mian)的(de)工作。
以鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)全(quan)面(mian)(mian)振興和縣域經濟發(fa)展(zhan)雙輪驅動(dong)推進城鄉(xiang)融合(he)。此次中央(yang)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)工作會議提(ti)出，把推進鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)全(quan)面(mian)(mian)振興作為新時代新征程“三農(nong)(nong)”工作的(de)(de)總抓手，要“有(you)力有(you)效推進鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)全(quan)面(mian)(mian)振興”。鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)全(quan)面(mian)(mian)振興要“有(you)力”，就是要發(fa)揮我國社會主義制度(du)集中力量辦(ban)大事(shi)的(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)優(you)勢，壓實(shi)(shi)五級(ji)書記抓鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)振興責(ze)任，落實(shi)(shi)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)優(you)先發(fa)展(zhan)，強(qiang)化政(zheng)策(ce)支(zhi)持和要素保障(zhang)。鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)全(quan)面(mian)(mian)振興要“有(you)效”，就是要找準切入點(dian)，順應鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)發(fa)展(zhan)規律，精(jing)準務實(shi)(shi)培(pei)育(yu)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)產(chan)業(ye)，扎(zha)實(shi)(shi)有(you)序推進鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)建設，強(qiang)化農(nong)(nong)民增收(shou)舉措，推進鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)全(quan)面(mian)(mian)振興不斷取得實(shi)(shi)質性進展(zhan)、階段性成果(guo)。
鄉(xiang)村(cun)振興是(shi)(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)融(rong)合的基礎(chu)，縣(xian)(xian)域(yu)經濟高(gao)質(zhi)量發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)則是(shi)(shi)(shi)構建新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)工農(nong)(nong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)關系、促進(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)融(rong)合發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的樞紐。以(yi)高(gao)質(zhi)量城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)融(rong)合推(tui)進(jin)中國式現(xian)(xian)代化，必(bi)須堅持鄉(xiang)村(cun)全面振興與(yu)(yu)縣(xian)(xian)域(yu)經濟發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)協同推(tui)進(jin)。一(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)需立足(zu)區位特(te)(te)色，差(cha)異化分類發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，形成(cheng)特(te)(te)色鄉(xiang)村(cun)與(yu)(yu)特(te)(te)色縣(xian)(xian)域(yu)經濟聯動(dong)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的模式。以(yi)特(te)(te)色化賦能(neng)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)現(xian)(xian)代化，發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)綠色農(nong)(nong)業(ye)、休閑農(nong)(nong)業(ye)、數字(zi)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)、智慧農(nong)(nong)業(ye)等新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)業(ye)態新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)模式。以(yi)國內大循環(huan)產業(ye)梯度轉(zhuan)移(yi)和東(dong)西部協作(zuo)為契(qi)機，立足(zu)稟賦，培育特(te)(te)色，以(yi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)工業(ye)化和工農(nong)(nong)融(rong)合高(gao)質(zhi)量發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)推(tui)進(jin)中國式現(xian)(xian)代化。二是(shi)(shi)(shi)當前(qian)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)轉(zhuan)移(yi)人口已從跨省流動(dong)轉(zhuan)向(xiang)以(yi)省內流動(dong)為主(zhu)，應以(yi)此為契(qi)機加快推(tui)進(jin)以(yi)縣(xian)(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為重要載體(ti)的新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮化，形成(cheng)大中小(xiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)與(yu)(yu)小(xiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮協調發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮化格局。三是(shi)(shi)(shi)重視治理機制(zhi)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)，實現(xian)(xian)縣(xian)(xian)域(yu)范圍內新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮化、新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)工業(ye)化與(yu)(yu)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)現(xian)(xian)代化的協調發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。
以高質量的(de)(de)農(nong)地(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)度(du)(du)改革(ge)暢通城鄉(xiang)要素雙向流動。人地(di)(di)(di)關(guan)系是(shi)城鄉(xiang)融合(he)的(de)(de)核心內容(rong)，農(nong)村(cun)(cun)“三(san)(san)塊(kuai)地(di)(di)(di)”改革(ge)成(cheng)果為鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)振(zhen)興與城鄉(xiang)要素流動奠定了堅實制(zhi)度(du)(du)基礎。促進和完善農(nong)地(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)度(du)(du)改革(ge)，應注(zhu)重(zhong)盤活(huo)“存量型(xing)”農(nong)村(cun)(cun)集(ji)體(ti)經(jing)(jing)營性(xing)建(jian)(jian)設用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)，積極探索集(ji)體(ti)經(jing)(jing)濟股份(fen)合(he)作制(zhi)的(de)(de)治理模(mo)式，將集(ji)體(ti)經(jing)(jing)營性(xing)建(jian)(jian)設用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)財(cai)富效(xiao)應與農(nong)戶利益分(fen)配、集(ji)體(ti)產業升級等聯農(nong)帶農(nong)機制(zhi)聯動起來(lai)。順應城鄉(xiang)人口(kou)規模(mo)變(bian)動趨勢，穩妥(tuo)盤活(huo)宅基地(di)(di)(di)退出和“空(kong)心村(cun)(cun)”治理形成(cheng)的(de)(de)潛在“增量型(xing)”農(nong)村(cun)(cun)集(ji)體(ti)經(jing)(jing)營性(xing)建(jian)(jian)設用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)。通過公平補償原則逐步實現農(nong)業轉移人口(kou)市民化(hua)和城鄉(xiang)建(jian)(jian)設用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)結構(gou)優化(hua)。對符合(he)城鄉(xiang)規劃的(de)(de)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)閑置(zhi)住(zhu)房(fang)和宅基地(di)(di)(di)，應加(jia)快宅基地(di)(di)(di)“三(san)(san)權分(fen)置(zhi)”改革(ge)探索。
以統(tong)籌城(cheng)鄉公平(ping)統(tong)一的(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)老(lao)保(bao)險制度(du)改革加速城(cheng)鄉融合。逐步提(ti)高農村居民(min)(min)(min)養(yang)(yang)老(lao)保(bao)險中帶(dai)有(you)國民(min)(min)(min)年金(jin)性質的(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)養(yang)(yang)老(lao)金(jin)部分(fen)待遇水(shui)平(ping)。探索老(lao)年農民(min)(min)(min)承包經營權的(de)(de)退出與(yu)職(zhi)工養(yang)(yang)老(lao)保(bao)險權益的(de)(de)對(dui)接(jie)置換，這(zhe)不僅能(neng)有(you)效緩解農村家庭養(yang)(yang)老(lao)壓(ya)力，還能(neng)實現農地規(gui)模經營。將(jiang)集體經濟組(zu)織納入農村養(yang)(yang)老(lao)保(bao)險的(de)(de)繳費主體，通過改革試點的(de)(de)形式逐步建立農民(min)(min)(min)與(yu)城(cheng)市職(zhi)工養(yang)(yang)老(lao)保(bao)險類似的(de)(de)職(zhi)工、單位雙主體繳費模式。
以新(xin)(xin)(xin)型農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)集體(ti)(ti)(ti)經(jing)濟高質量(liang)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)助(zhu)力城鄉融合(he)。新(xin)(xin)(xin)型農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)集體(ti)(ti)(ti)經(jing)濟發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，一是通(tong)過建立“歸屬清晰(xi)、權責(ze)明確、利(li)益共享、保護嚴格(ge)、流轉(zhuan)規范、監(jian)管有力”的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)集體(ti)(ti)(ti)經(jing)濟組織產(chan)(chan)權制度，助(zhu)力農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)振興；二是依托農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)土地(di)制度改革(ge)的(de)成果，拓展(zhan)多元化(hua)的(de)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)路(lu)徑(jing)，鼓勵支持農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)集體(ti)(ti)(ti)經(jing)濟組織升級改造閑置集體(ti)(ti)(ti)資產(chan)(chan)，投(tou)資生產(chan)(chan)性設施，實現(xian)三產(chan)(chan)融合(he)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)；三是鼓勵引導(dao)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)集體(ti)(ti)(ti)經(jing)濟之(zhi)間抱團發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，鼓勵新(xin)(xin)(xin)型農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)集體(ti)(ti)(ti)經(jing)濟與農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民專業(ye)合(he)作社等聯(lian)合(he)組建混合(he)所有制經(jing)營主體(ti)(ti)(ti)，增(zeng)強新(xin)(xin)(xin)型農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)集體(ti)(ti)(ti)經(jing)濟發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)活力。
（本文系國家社科基(ji)金一般項目“我國城市農民工相(xiang)對貧困(kun)多維識別及治(zhi)理研究(jiu)”階段性(xing)成果(guo)）
原標題：以高質量城鄉融合推進中國式現代化
責任編輯：鄭彥
網頁編輯：蘇偉